925 Silver Old Roman Glass Ruby Pendant necklace Afghanistan Jewelry art A55

925 Silver Old Roman Glass Ruby Pendant necklace Afghanistan Jewelry art A55 Product Description This is a beautiful 925 Silver Old Roman Glass hand made pendant necklace from Afghanistan. The glass bead age is around 1000 to 1900 years old. It has a nice chunk of blue glass with colorful patina due to age. The Rubies are real from India and the clasp is 925 silver. Natural Malachite stone spacer beads were used as well. Stringing of the beads and spacers was done recently. Some history of Roman Glass: The Roman Empire began extending around the birth of Christ under the rule of Julius Caesar who became appointed dictator in 44 BC and reached its territorial peak under Emperor Trajan. Its borders extended from Spain, North Africa and England to the East and India Israel and Afghanistan to the West. The Western Roman Empire collapsed in 476 AD however the Eastern portion endured until and invasion of the Turks brought about its end in 1453. By the end of the first century AD large scale manufacturing resulted in the establishment of glass as a commonly available material in the Roman world. Interesting many sailing vessels were made of Glass. The invention of glass blowing techniques by the Phoenicians aided this endeavor. Glass making reached its peak around the second century AD. The major component of the glass is silica, which during the Roman period was sand quartz), which contains some alumina (typically 2.5%) and nearly 8% lime.[ Alumina contents vary, peaking around 3% in glasses from the Western Empire remaining notably lower in glasses from the Middle East. Glasses formed of silica and soda are naturally soluble, and require the addition of a stabilizer such as lime or magnesia. Lime was the primary stabilizer in use during the Roman period, entering the glass through calcareous particles in the beach sand, rather than as a separate component. Roman glass has also been shown to contain around 1% to 2% chlorine, in contrast to later glasses. This is thought to have originated either in the addition of salt (NaCl) to reduce the melting temperature and viscosity of the glass. Aqua a pale blue-green color is the common natural color of untreated glass. Many early Roman vessels are this color. The natural aqua shade of the glass can be intensified with the addition of copper. During the Roman period this was derived from the recovery of oxide scale from scrap copper when heated, to avoid the contaminants present in copper minerals. Copper produced a translucent blue moving towards a darker and denser green. Colorless glass was produced in the Roman period by adding manganese oxide. This oxidized the iron (II) oxide to iron (III) oxide, which although yellow, is a much weaker colorant, allowing the glass to appear colorless. The use of manganese as a deodorant was a Roman invention first noted in the Imperial period; prior to this, Antimony rich minerals were used. I know whoever gets this pendant will treasure it on its beauty. Also there will be a special feeling knowing one is wearing a piece of Roman Glass History. No real chips or damage. There are a few small nicks along the edges of the bead as it is very old Glass Bead pendant Size: 1.3" tall and 1" wide ( 3.3 cm long and 2.5 cm wide ) Necklace Length: 18" long ( 45.7 cm long )Weight: .19 oz ( 5.1 gm ) Payment and Shipping Terms Paypal Please First class international delivery normally takes about 2 weeks. Sometimes a bit more around 3 weeks and occasionally as long as a month. Express mail normally takes between 5 and 10 days. I will insure items over 40.00 when possible through shipsaver. Tracking numbers, delivery confirmation, and customs form numbers will be posted to eCRATER on the same day shipped. Returns are accepted. Please send any returns back within 30 days. Note for international buyers. Certain countries may require an import duty on goods coming into the country which is the buyers responsibility to pay. Some European countries in particular United Kingdom and Germany seem to regularly impose tax. If you have any questions or concerns about this please contact you local post office or customs agency to find out particulars on duties. It is our policy to ship item out as merchandise with the actual value stated. If you have any special instructions or questions for us about your order please send us a message and we will try to get back to you right away. Attention. Please if possible contact me by message or email before opening a case in the rare event should there be an issue with your order. Buyers may not know this but cases equal a seller defect and can lead to a sellers loss of status and higher fees. The most typical case being opened is item not received even though just running slightly late but close to normal delivery time. After a case is opened normally a very short time later the item is delivered and the buyer closes the case and though resolved it still counts as a defect toward the sellers account. Things almost always go smoothly but in the rare event there is an issue please if possible contact me before opening a case for minor issues. Thank you inkfrog terapeak inkFrog Analytics Note on Cord: The cord we send may be black or brown depending on what we have available